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Absorption line
(n): A dark line in the spectrum of a star caused by the absorption of certain
wavelengths of light by elements in its atmosphere.
Accretion (n):
The process by which matter falls onto a celestial object.
Accretion disk
(n): A swirling disk of gas and dust that surrounds a star or black hole.
Active galaxy
(n): A galaxy that emits a large amount of electromagnetic radiation across a
wide range of wavelengths.
Alienation (n):
A feeling of isolation or estrangement from others or society.
Ambiguous (adj):
Open to more than one interpretation; unclear.
Anomaly (n):
Something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
Ap star (n): A
chemically peculiar star with an unusual abundance of certain elements in its
atmosphere.
Aphelion: (noun)
The point in a planet’s orbit farthest from the Sun.
Appease (v): To
satisfy or pacify someone or something.
Apsis: (noun)
The point in an orbit where a celestial body is closest to or farthest from the
center of attraction (e.g., perihelion and aphelion).
Arbitrary (adj):
Based on random choice or personal whim rather than reason or law.
Assimilate (v):
To absorb or integrate into something else.
Asteroid: (noun)
A small rocky body orbiting the Sun, found mainly in the asteroid belt between
Mars and Jupiter.
Astrobiology
(n): The study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the
universe.
Astrobiology:
(noun) The study of life beyond Earth.
Astrocartography:
(noun) The mapping of celestial objects and features in the sky.
Astrochemistry:
(noun) The study of chemical processes and reactions occurring in space, such
as the formation of molecules in interstellar clouds.
Astrochronology:
(noun) The study of the timing and duration of astronomical events, including
the ages of stars and galaxies.
Astroclimatology:
(noun) The study of climate patterns and variations on other planets and moons.
Astroecology:
(noun) The study of ecosystems and life forms in space or on other celestial
bodies.
Astroethics:
(noun) The ethical considerations related to space exploration and the impact
of human activities beyond Earth.
Astrogeology:
(noun) The branch of geology that focuses on the study of planetary surfaces,
including craters, mountains, and valleys on other celestial bodies.
Astrogeology:
(noun) The branch of geology that focuses on the study of planetary surfaces,
including craters, mountains, and valleys on other celestial bodies.
Astrograph**:
(noun) A specialized telescope used for photographing or mapping the positions
of stars and other celestial objects.
Astrograph:
(noun) A specialized telescope used for photographing or mapping the positions
of stars and other celestial objects.
Astrohistory:
(noun) The historical study of astronomical discoveries, theories, and events.
Astroinformatics:
(noun) The application of computer science and data analysis to astronomical
research.
Astrokinematics:
(noun) The study of the motion and dynamics of celestial objects.
Astrolabe (n):
An ancient astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial
objects.
Astrolinguistics:
(noun) The investigation of extraterrestrial communication and language.
Astrolithology:
(noun) The study of rocks and minerals found in space, including meteorites and
lunar samples.
Astrology:
(noun) The study of the positions and movements of celestial bodies to predict
human affairs and natural phenomena.
Astrometry:
(noun) The precise measurement of the positions and motions of stars and other
celestial objects.
Astronomical:
(adjective) Relating to astronomy. For example: astronomical research,
astronomical observations, astronomical knowledge, astronomical phenomena1.
Astronomy (n):
The scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena.
Astropaleontology:
(noun) The study of possible extraterrestrial life forms or fossils.
Astrophotography:
(noun) The art and science of capturing images of celestial objects using
telescopes and cameras.
Astrophysical
jets (n): Narrow, high-speed streams of particles ejected from some stars and
active galactic nuclei.
Astrophysics
(n): The study of the physical properties of celestial objects and phenomena.
Astrophysics:
(noun) The branch of physics that studies the behavior of celestial objects and
the universe.
Astroseismology:
(noun) The study of stellar oscillations and vibrations to determine properties
of stars.
Astrosociology:
(noun) The examination of social and cultural aspects related to space
exploration and colonization.
Astrostatistics:
(noun) The application of statistical methods to analyze astronomical data.
Astrothermodynamics:
(noun) The study of heat and energy transfer in space.
Astrotourism:
(noun) Travel and tourism related to astronomical events and observatories.
Asymptotic giant
branch (AGB) star (n): A red giant star that is burning helium in a shell
around its core.
Autonomous
(adj): Self-governing; independent.
Axis (n): An
imaginary line around which a celestial object rotates.
Barred spiral
galaxy (n): A spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure.
Bayer
designation (n): A system for naming stars using a Greek letter and a
constellation name.
Big Bang (n):
The prevailing cosmological model for the universe, stating that it began with
a very hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
Binary black
hole system (n): A binary star system where both stars have collapsed into
black holes.
Binary star
system (n): Two stars that orbit each other.
Black hole (n):
A region in spacetime with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light,
can escape.
Brown dwarf (n):
A substellar object with insufficient mass to sustain nuclear fusion at its
core.
Buoyant (adj):
Light and able to float. (Can also be used figuratively for mood)
Cataclysmic
variable (n): A binary star system in which a white dwarf accretes matter from
a companion star, leading to outbursts.
Catalyst (n): A
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the
reaction itself.
Catastrophic
(adj): Involving sudden and widespread destruction or damage.
Celestial (adj):
Relating to the sky or its objects. (e.g., celestial bodies)
Cepheid variable
(n): A bright, massive star that pulsates regularly in a predictable cycle.
Chandrasekhar
limit (n): The maximum mass a white dwarf can have before collapsing into a
neutron star.
Chromosphere
(n): The hot, reddish layer of the Sun's atmosphere above the photosphere.
Chronic (adj):
Continuing for a long time or constantly recurring.
Circumpolar:
(adjective) Describing stars that never set below the horizon from a specific
location.
Circumstellar
disk (n): A flat disk of dust and gas surrounding a young star.
Circumstellar
habitable zone (n): The region around a star where conditions are suitable for
liquid water to exist on an orbiting planet.
Comet: (noun) A
celestial object composed of ice, dust, and gas that develops a bright tail
when it approaches the Sun.
Common envelope
binary (n): A binary star system in which both stars share a common envelope of
gas.
Conservation
(n): The protection of natural resources and wildlife.
Constellation
(n): A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern. (e.g., Orion
constellation)
Contingency (n):
A possible future event or circumstance.
Convection (n):
The transfer of heat in a fluid by the movement of currents. (relevant to
stellar structure)
Core (n): The
central region of a star where nuclear fusion takes place.
Core-collapse
supernova (n): A type of supernova that occurs when the core of a massive star
runs out of fuel and can no longer support its own weight.
Corona (n): The
outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere, much hotter than the photosphere.
Correlate (v):
To have a close connection or mutual relation.
Corroborate (v):
To confirm or give support to something.
Cosmic dust (n):
Tiny particles of solid matter floating in space between stars.
Cosmic microwave
background radiation (n) (repeated for emphasis)
Cosmic microwave
background radiation (n): The faint afterglow of the Big Bang that fills the
universe.
Cosmic:
(adjective) Relating to the entire universe.
Cosmology (n):
The study of the origin and evolution of the universe.
Cosmos (n): The
universe considered as a whole.
Counterfeit
(adj): Made in imitation of something genuine or authentic.
Dark energy (n):
A mysterious form of energy that is thought to be accelerating the expansion of
the universe.
Dark Matter:
(noun) Unseen matter that does not emit light but affects the motion of galaxies.
Debilitate (v):
To weaken or make infirm.
Deforestation
(n): The clearing or destruction of a large area of forest.
Deplete (v): To
reduce the supply or quantity of something.
Depletion (v)
(repeated for emphasis): To reduce the supply or quantity of something.
Dilemma (n): A
situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two equally
undesirable alternatives.
Discrepancy (n):
A difference or inconsistency between two things.
Doppler effect
(n): The change in frequency of a wave caused by the relative motion of the
source and observer. (related to redshift and blueshift)
Doppler shift
(n): The change in frequency of a wave caused by the relative motion of the
source and observer. (related to redshift)
Dwarf galaxy
(n): A small galaxy containing only a few billion stars.
Eclipse: (noun)
The partial or complete blocking of one celestial body by another (e.g., solar
eclipse, lunar eclipse).
Eclipsing binary
(n): A binary star system in which the orbital plane is nearly edge-on to the
observer, causing eclipses.
Ecliptic Plane:
(noun) The plane defined by Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Ecliptic: (noun)
The plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
Electromagnetic
spectrum (n): The entire range of electromagnetic radiation, including radio
waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation,
X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electron
degeneracy pressure (n): The pressure exerted by electrons in a star that
prevents it from collapsing further.
Electron-capture
supernova (n): A type of supernova that occurs in a binary star system when a
white dwarf accretes matter from its companion and exceeds the Chandrasekhar
limit.
Elicit (v): To
draw out or evoke a response.
Elliptical
galaxy (n) (repeated for emphasis)
Elliptical
galaxy (n): A galaxy with an elongated, oval shape.
Elucidate (v):
To make something clear or understandable.
Embolden (v): To
make someone feel more confident or courageous.
Emission line
(n): A bright line in the spectrum of a star caused by the emission of light at
specific wavelengths by excited atoms.
Empathy (n): The
ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.
Empirical (adj):
Based on observation or experience rather than theory.
Encroach (v): To
trespass on another's territory or rights.
Enervate (v): To
deprive of energy or strength.
Enigma (n): A
mystery or puzzle that is difficult or impossible to understand.
Entrepreneur
(n): A person who organizes and operates a business, taking on greater than
normal financial risks.
Entropy (n): A
measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
Enumerate (v):
To list or name one by one.
Ephemeral (adj):
Lasting for a very short time; fleeting. (Similar to evanescent)
Equinox: (noun)
The time when day and night are approximately equal in length (spring and fall
equinox).
Equivocate (v):
To use ambiguous language to avoid commitment or mislead.
Erratic (adj):
Not following a fixed or regular course.
Evanescent
(adj): Lasting for a very short time; fleeting.
Event horizon
(n): The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can
escape.
Exacerbate (v):
To make something worse.
Exigent (adj):
Demanding immediate attention or action.
Exonerate (v):
To clear of blame or guilt.
Exoplanet (n): A
planet orbiting a star other than the Sun.
Exoplanet:
(noun) A planet orbiting a star outside our solar system.
Expansion of the
universe (n): The ongoing process by which the universe is getting bigger.
Expedient (adj):
Suitable for achieving a particular purpose, especially in a quick way.
(similar to expedient)
Expedite (v): To
speed up or make something happen more quickly.
Extraterrestrial:
(adjective) Outside Earth; pertaining to objects or phenomena beyond our
planet.
Facilitate (v):
To make something easier to do.
Fallacy (n): A
false or mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound reasoning.
Fastidious
(adj): Very attentive to detail and cleanliness.
Ferment (v): To
undergo a process of rapid chemical change, often with the evolution of gas.
(Can also be used figuratively for ideas or emotions)
Fiduciary (adj):
Involving trust, especially a relationship between a person and another to whom
the person has entrusted legal or financial matters.
Flamsteed
designation (n): A system for naming stars using a number and a constellation
name.
Flare star (n):
A small, cool star that undergoes sudden, dramatic increases in brightness.
Foment (v): To
encourage the development of something bad or harmful.
Fragile (adj):
Easily broken or damaged.
Fraught (adj):
Filled with danger or difficulty.
Frugal (adj):
Economical in the use of money or resources.
Galaxy (n): A
massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. (e.g.,
Milky Way galaxy).
Galaxy cluster
(n): A large group of galaxies bound together by gravity.
Galactic Center: The central region of our Milky Way galaxy, where a supermassive black hole resides.
Geocentric:
(adjective) Having Earth as the center; referring to a model where Earth is at
the center of the universe.
Glean (v): To
learn or acquire information bit by bit.
Gliese catalog
(n): A catalog of nearby stars.
Gradual (adj):
Happening slowly, step by step.
Habitable zone
(n): The region around a star where conditions are suitable for liquid water to
exist on the surface of a planet.
Heliocentric:
(adjective) Having the Sun as the center; referring to a model where the Sun is
at the center of the solar system.
Heliosphere:
(noun) The region of space influenced by the solar
Hemisphere (n):
Half of a sphere.
Hipparcos
catalog (n): A historical catalog of stars with very precise measurements of
their positions.
H-R diagram (n):
Abbreviation for Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Hypernova (n):
An extremely powerful type of supernova believed to be associated with the
collapse of very massive stars.
Hypothesis (n)
(repeated for emphasis): A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited
evidence.
Hypothesis (n):
A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence.
Impasse (n): A
situation in which progress or resolution is impossible.
Impediment (n):
Something that hinders or obstructs progress.
Imperative
(adj): Absolutely necessary or essential.
Implausible
(adj): Difficult to believe; unlikely.
Implication (n):
Something that is suggested or inferred, although not directly expressed.
Implicit (adj):
Suggested or understood although not directly expressed.
Indigenous
(adj): Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place.
Inflation (n): A
general increase in prices and a fall in the value of money.
Inflation (n): A
period of rapid expansion in the early universe that is thought to have
occurred shortly after the Big Bang.
Infrared
radiation (n): Electromagnetic radiation with a longer wavelength than visible
light, but shorter than radio waves.
Integral (adj):
Essential or necessary to the completeness of something.
Interferometer
(n): A telescope that combines light from multiple telescopes to achieve much
higher resolution.
Intergalactic
medium (n): The gas and dust that exists between galaxies.Spiral galaxy (n)
(repeated for emphasis)
Interplanetary:
(adjective) Occurring between planets.
Interstellar
(adj): Existing or occurring between stars. (e.g., interstellar space)
Intricacy (n):
The quality of being complex and difficult to understand.
Intricate (adj):
Having many complex and interconnected parts.
Intriguing
(adj): Arousing curiosity or interest.
Intuition (n):
The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious
reasoning. (similar to intuitive)
Intuitive (adj):
Based on or using natural ability to understand something without needing to be
taught.
Justify (v): To
show or prove that something is right or reasonable.
Lag (v): To fall
behind in development or progress.
Light pollution
(n): Artificial light that interferes with astronomical observations.
Light-year (n):
The distance that light travels in one year (about 9.5 trillion kilometers).
Light-Year:
(noun) The distance light travels in one year (approximately 9.46 trillion
kilometers).
Line spectrum
(n): A spectrum of light that consists of a series of bright or dark lines at
specific wavelengths.
Luminosity (n):
The amount of light emitted by a star or other celestial object.
Luminous blue
variable (LBV) (n): A very hot, massive star that undergoes occasional dramatic
outbursts of brightness.
Lunar:
(adjective) Relating to the Moon.
Lunisolar:
(adjective) Relating to both the Moon and the Sun.
Magellan Cloud
(n): Either of two small irregular galaxies orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.
Magnetar (n): A
type of neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field.
Main sequence
(n): The band on a star chart containing most stars, which are converting
hydrogen to helium in their cores.
Main sequence
star (n): A star that is converting hydrogen to helium in its core and is
stable in size and luminosity. (related to main sequence)
Market (n): A
place or system where buyers and sellers come together to trade goods and
services.
Mass (n): The
amount of matter in an object.
Mass transfer
(n): The transfer of material between stars in a binary system.
Messier catalog
(n): A catalog of astronomical objects, including star clusters, nebulae, and
galaxies.
Meteor: (noun) A
small celestial body that enters the Earth’s atmosphere and burns up, creating
a streak of light (shooting star).
Meticulous
(adj): Showing great attention to detail.
Micrometeorite:
(noun) A tiny particle from space that enters Earth's atmosphere and reaches
the surface.
Milky Way:
(noun) Our galaxy, containing billions of stars.
Mitigate (v): To
make something less severe or serious.
Multiverse (n):
The hypothetical concept of a collection of multiple universes.
Nebula (n): A
cloud of gas and dust in space. (e.g., Orion Nebula)
Neutrino (n): A
subatomic particle with no electric charge and very little mass, emitted in
nuclear reactions.
Neutron star
(n): A very dense, rapidly spinning star composed mostly of neutrons.
Nomenclature
(n): The system of names used for a particular subject.
Nova (n): A star
that suddenly increases in brightness and then fades back to normal.
Nuance (n): A
subtle difference in meaning or expression.
Nuclear fusion
(n): The process by which two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus,
releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
Nucleosynthesis
(n): The creation of new atomic nuclei from lighter elements, primarily in
stars.
Occultation: The temporary covering or hiding of one celestial object by another. Occultations can involve stars, planets, or the Moon.
O star (n): A
very hot, massive star with a spectral type of O.
Observatory (n):
A facility with telescopes and other equipment for studying celestial objects.
Oort Cloud:
(noun) A hypothetical region of icy bodies surrounding the solar system.
Opaque (adj):
Not allowing light to pass through; not transparent.
Optimum (n): The
best, most favorable, or most desirable state.
Orbit: (noun)
The path followed by an object revolving around another celestial body.
Origin of the
universe (n): The question of how and when the universe began.
Parallax (n):
The apparent shift in the position of a nearby star relative to more distant
stars, caused by the Earth's motion around the Sun.
Paramount (adj):
Of the greatest importance.
Paraphrase (v):
To express something using different words while keeping the same meaning.
Perihelion: (noun)
The point in a planet’s orbit closest to the Sun.
Periphery (n):
The outer edge or border of something.
Persistent
(adj): Continuing for a long time or constantly happening.
Pervade (v): To
spread widely throughout something.
Photosphere (n):
The visible surface of the Sun.
Planetarium (n):
A building with a projected dome-shaped screen used to show the positions of
stars and planets.
Planetarium:
(noun) A facility where celestial objects and their motions are simulated for
educational purposes.
Planetary nebula
(n): A glowing shell of gas and dust ejected from a dying star.
Pollution (n):
The introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
Precursor (n):
Something that comes before or precedes something else, especially something
that prepares the way for it.
Prejudice (n): A
preconceived opinion about something that is not based on reason or experience.
Pre-main
sequence star (n): A young star that is still contracting and heating up before
reaching the main sequence.
Proliferation
(n): The rapid increase in the number or amount of something.
Prominence (n):
A large, bright loop or arch of hot gas erupting from the Sun's surface.
Protostar (n): A
dense cloud of gas and dust that is collapsing under its own gravity and will
eventually become a star.
Pulsar: (noun) A
rapidly rotating neutron star emitting regular pulses of radiation.
Quasar (n): A
very distant, extremely luminous active galactic nucleus powered by a
supermassive black hole.
Quasar: (noun)
An extremely bright and distant celestial object powered by a supermassive
black hole.
Radiation
pressure (n): The outward pressure exerted by light and other electromagnetic
radiation.
Radio telescope
(n): A telescope that detects and collects radio waves from space.
Radio waves (n):
The longest wavelength electromagnetic radiation, used for communication and
astronomy.
Reciprocal
(adj): Mutually corresponding or complementary.
Red dwarf (n): A
small, cool star with a low luminosity.
Red giant (n): A
star that has exhausted the hydrogen in its core and expanded into a cooler,
larger giant.
Red shift (n):
The lengthening of the wavelength of light as it travels away from the
observer, indicating that the source is moving away.
Renewable
resource (n): A resource that can be replaced naturally.
Repercussion
(n): An unintended consequence of an action.
Replication (n):
The act of repeating something exactly. (important in scientific research)
Revolution (n):
The movement of one celestial object around another in a complete orbit.
Roche lobe (n):
The region around a star in a binary system within which material is
gravitationally bound to that star.
Rotation (n):
The spinning of a celestial object on its own axis.
RR Lyrae
variable (n): A type of variable star found in old stellar populations.
Satellite:
(noun) An artificial object placed in orbit around a planet or celestial body.
Scrutinize (v):
To examine something very carefully.
Sidereal: (adjective)
Relating to the stars or measured with respect to distant stars.
Solar system
(n): The sun and all the objects that orbit around it.
Solar System:
(noun) The collection of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets that orbit the
Sun.
Solstice: (noun)
The time when the Sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky (summer
and winter solstice).
Space probe (n):
An unmanned spacecraft sent to explore space.
Spectral class
(n): A classification system for stars based on their absorption line spectra.
Spectral line
broadening (n): The widening of spectral lines due to various physical
processes in a star's atmosphere.
Spectroscope
(n): An instrument used to analyze light from celestial objects to determine
their composition and temperature.
Spiral galaxy
(n): A galaxy with a flat, disk-shaped body and spiral arms.
Starspot (n): A
cool, dark region on the surface of a star.
Stellar (adj):
Relating to stars. (e.g., stellar evolution)
Stellar
abundance (n): The relative amount of different elements present in a star.
Stellar
evolution (n): The process by which stars change over time.
Stellar parallax
(n): The method of measuring the distance to nearby stars using the principle
of parallax.
Stellar wind
(n): A stream of charged particles flowing outwards from a star's corona.
Subliminal
(adj): Operating or occurring below the threshold of conscious awareness.
Supercluster
(n): A large group of galaxy clusters.
Supernova (n):
The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life cycle.
Supernova
remnant (n): The expanding cloud of gas and dust left behind by a supernova.
Supernova:
(noun) The explosion of a massive star, resulting in a burst of energy and the
creation of heavy elements.
T Tauri star
(n): A young, variable star with a strong chromosphere and accretion disk.
Tantamount
(adj): Equivalent or equal in effect, value, or meaning.
Telemetry:
(noun) The process of transmitting data from remote sensors or spacecraft to
Earth.
Telescope (n):
An instrument with lenses or mirrors that is used to observe distant objects.
Telescope:
(noun) An optical instrument used to observe distant objects in space.
Temperature (n):
A measure of how hot or cold something is.
Tenacity (n):
The quality of holding firmly to a purpose or belief.
Tenet (n): A
principle or belief held firmly to.
Tides (n): The
rhythmic rising and falling of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of
the moon and sun.
Time dilation
(n): The slowing down of time for objects moving at high speeds or in strong
gravitational fields.
Transient (adj):
Lasting for a short time; temporary.
Ultraviolet
radiation (n): Electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than visible
light, but longer than X-rays.
Universe (n):
Everything that exists, including all matter and energy.
Unveil (v): To
reveal or make something known for the first time.
Visible light
(n): The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human
eye.
White dwarf (n):
A very hot, dense star that is the leftover core of a Sun-like star.
Wolf-Rayet star
(n): A hot, massive star that is losing mass rapidly through a strong stellar
wind.
X-ray binary
(n): A binary star system in which a compact object like a neutron star or
black hole accretes matter from a companion star, producing X-rays.
Zenith: (noun)
The point in the sky directly above an observer.
Zodiac (n): A
belt of constellations along the ecliptic, the Sun's apparent path across the
sky.
Most Common TOEFL Vocabulary on Astronomy 2024
Reviewed by Special Education Writer24
on
May 11, 2024
Rating: 5
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