Important Vocabularies for TOEFL and IELTS Test

Important Vocabularies for TOEFL and IELTS Test Chapter 1

Cereals (n.) - Flowering grasses grown for their edible seeds (grains).

Annuals (n.) - Plants that complete their life cycle (sprout, flower, seed, die) in one year.

Kernels (n.) - The edible seeds of cereal plants.

Energy (n.) - The ability to do work.

Amino acids (n.) - The building blocks of proteins.

Starch (n.) - A complex carbohydrate found in plants, a source of energy.

Protein (n.) - A complex molecule essential for building and maintaining body tissues.

Nutrients (n.) - Substances that provide nourishment for an organism.

Stalks (n.) - The main stem of a plant.

Bedding (n.) - Material used to line the floor of a stable or barn for animals.

Building material (n.) - Material used for construction.

Drawback (n.) - A disadvantage or negative aspect.

Nitrogen (n.) - A chemical element essential for plant growth.

Fertilization (n.) - The addition of nutrients to soil.

Exhaust (v.) - To deplete the resources of something.

Domesticated (v.) - To bring a wild plant or animal under human control for use.

Calories (n.) - Units of energy (heat) used to measure the energy content of food.

Legumes (n.) - Plants with pods containing seeds (e.g., beans, lentils).

Fodder (n.) - Food for animals, especially coarse plant material.

Starch (n.) - (Repeated from #6) A complex carbohydrate found in plants.

Pods (n.) - The long, narrow case containing the seeds of a legume.

Sequential (adj.) - Happening one after another in a fixed order.

Ripening (n.) - The process of becoming ripe or mature.

Stand (n.) - A group of plants growing close together.

Harvested (v.) - Gathered or collected crops.

Dried (v.) - Removed the moisture from something.

Tissue (n.) - A group of cells that are similar in structure and function.

Synthesized (v.) - To produce a substance from simpler components.

Essential (adj.) - Absolutely necessary.

Amino acids (n.) - (Repeated from #5) The building blocks of proteins.

Animal protein (n.) - Protein derived from animals.

Plant protein (n.) - Protein derived from plants.

Ancestors (n.) - One's forebears or people who lived before.

Early agriculturalists (n.) - People who practiced agriculture in the early stages of its development.

Soybeans (n.) - A type of legume rich in protein and oil.

Hyacinth bean (n.) - A type of legume with edible beans.

Black gram (n.) - A type of legume with small black beans.

Green gram (n.) - A type of legume with small green beans.

Pear millet (n.) - A type of millet grain.

Cowpea (n.) - A type of legume with edible beans.

Morphology (n.) - The study of the structure and form of organisms.

Genetics (n.) - The study of heredity and variation in organisms.

Consensus (n.) - General agreement.

Monophyletic (adj.) - Derived from a single common ancestor.

Cycads (n.) - Palm-like tropical plants with cones.

Seed-bearing ferns (n.) - Ferns that produce seeds.

Morphological traits (n.) - Characteristics related to the structure and form of an organism.

Pines (n.) - Evergreen trees with needle-like leaves.

Cretaceous period (n.) - A geological period lasting from about 145 to 66 million years ago.

Magnolias (n.) - Flowering plants with large, showy flowers.

Abundant (adj.) - Plentiful; existing in large quantities.

Flora (n.) - Plant life.

Tertiary period (n.) - A geological period lasting from about 66 to 2.6 million years ago.

Biogeographers (n.) - Scientists who study the distribution of organisms on Earth.

Poleward (adv.) - Toward the poles of the Earth.

High latitudes (n.) - Regions of the Earth far from the equator.

Deposits (n.) - Layers of sediment or other material.

Gondwanaland (n.) - A supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

Equator (n.) - An imaginary circle around the Earth that is equidistant from the North and South Poles.

Dispersal (n.) - The spreading of organisms to new areas.

Primitive (adj.) - Simple or ancient.

Relics (n.) - Things that remain from a former time.

DNA (n.) - Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material of most organisms.

Jurassic period (n.) - A geological period lasting from about 201 to 145 million years ago.

Nuisance pests (n.) - Pests that are annoying or bothersome but do not cause significant harm.

Nonindigenous (adj.) - Not native to a particular place.

Eradicated (v.) - Completely destroyed or removed.

Pest control measures (n.) - Methods used to control pests.

Chemical control (n.) - The use of chemicals to control pests.

Sulfur (n.) - A yellow element used in various industrial processes.

Arsenic (n.) - A highly toxic element.

Fungal pests (n.) - Pests caused by fungi.

Unintended consequences (n.) - Results that were not planned or expected.

Non-target species (n.) - Species that are not the intended target of a pest control measure.

Food webs (n.) - The interconnected feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

Suppression (n.) - The act of stopping or reducing something.

Rebound (v.) - To recover or increase after a decline.

Insidious (adj.) - Gradually and secretly causing harm.

Pesticide resistance (n.) - The ability of pests to tolerate pesticides.

Toxic effects (n.) - Harmful effects caused by a poison.

Pest outbreaks (n.) - Sudden and large increases in the population of a pest.

Predators (n.) - Animals that prey on other animals.

Leaf-eating caterpillars (n.) - Caterpillars that eat leaves.

Natural enemies (n.) - Organisms that prey on or parasitize other organisms.

Biological control (n.) - The use of natural enemies to control pests.

Prickly pear (n.) - A type of cactus with flat, spiny pads.

West Indies islands (n.) - A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea.

Alien invaders (n.) - Non-native species that cause harm to an ecosystem.

Entomologists (n.) - Scientists who study insects.

Holistic approach (n.) - A method that considers the whole system rather than its individual parts.

Aesthetic (adj.) - Relating to beauty or art.

Population ecology (n.) - The study of the dynamics of populations of organisms.

Host species (n.) - The species that a parasite or predator lives on or feeds on.

Monitoring (n.) - The act of observing or checking something regularly.

Egg counts (n.) - The number of eggs of a pest species.

Trapping (n.) - The act of capturing animals using traps.

Control measures (n.) - Methods used to control pests.

Adjusted (v.) - Changed to fit a new situation.

Tolerated (v.) - Allowed to exist or be done.

Brown rats (n.) - Large rodents that are common pests.

Cockroaches (n.) - Insects that are common pests in homes and buildings.

Sumerians (n.) - An ancient civilization that flourished in Mesopotamia.

Chemical pesticides (n.) - Chemicals used to control pests.

Target species (n.) - The species that a pest control measure is intended to affect.

Food webs (n.) - (Repeated from #10) The interconnected feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

Native predator species (n.) - Predator species that are native to a particular area.

Exploit (v.) - To use something to one's advantage.

Deflect (v.) - To cause something to change direction.

Degrade (v.) - To reduce the quality or value of something.

Foliage (n.) - Leaves and branches of a tree or plant.

Dense (adj.) - Thick or crowded.

Potential receiver (n.) - A possible recipient of a message or signal.

Virgin rain forest (n.) - A rain forest that has never been disturbed by human activity.

Sophisticated strategies (n.) - Complex and well-planned methods.

Sound baffle (n.) - A device that reflects sound waves to improve the quality of sound.

Speaker cabinet (n.) - A box that houses a loudspeaker.

Mating call (n.) - A sound made by an animal to attract a mate.

Resonance (n.) - The intensification and enrichment of a sound by added vibration.

Forte (n.) - A person's strong point or special skill.

Frequency (n.) - The number of times a wave occurs in a given period of time.

Dawn chorus (n.) - The singing of birds in the early morning.

Territory (n.) - An area that an animal defends as its own.

Specialized frequencies (n.) - Frequencies that are specific to a particular species.

Audiotape (n.) - A tape that records sound.

Banquet (n.) - A feast or lavish meal.

Species-specific frequency (n.) - A frequency that is unique to a particular species.

Radio stations (n.) - Organizations that broadcast radio programs.

Sound spectrum (n.) - The range of all possible sounds.

Niches (n.) - Specialized roles or positions within an ecosystem.

Territorial claim (n.) - A claim to a particular area.

Ambient sound (n.) - The background noise in a particular environment.

Sound signature (n.) - A unique sound that is associated with a particular place or thing.

Fingerprint (n.) - A unique pattern of ridges on a person's fingers.

Obstacles (n.) - Things that hinder or prevent progress.

Sophisticated strategies (n.) - (Repeated from #6) Complex and well-planned methods.

Strata (n.) - Layers of rock or soil.

Calcium carbonate (n.) - A chemical compound found in limestone and other rocks.

Microscopic algae (n.) - Tiny plant-like organisms that live in water.

Mollusks (n.) - A group of animals with shells, such as snails and clams.

Dinosaur fossils (n.) - The preserved remains of dinosaurs.

Mammals (n.) - Animals that have hair or fur and feed their young milk.

Cosmic-ray particles (n.) - High-energy particles that originate from outer space.

Supernova explosion (n.) - The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life cycle.

Magnetosphere (n.) - The region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetic field (n.) - A region around a magnetic object where there is a force acting on other magnetic objects.

Extinction (n.) - The disappearance of a species.

Genus (n.) - A group of closely related species.

Species (n.) - A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Demise (n.) - The death or end of something.

Cold wave (n.) - A period of unusually cold weather.

Salinity (n.) - The amount of salt in water.

Proponents (n.) - People who support a particular idea or cause.

Volcanic activity (n.) - The eruption of volcanoes.

Basalt (n.) - A dark-colored volcanic rock.

Lava outflows (n.) - The flow of molten rock from a volcano.

Sea-floor spreading (n.) - The process by which new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges.

Volcanic convulsion (n.) - A violent eruption of a volcano.

Atmosphere (n.) - The layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

Stratosphere (n.) - The second layer of the Earth's atmosphere.

Aerosol veils (n.) - Clouds of tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere.

Global warming (n.) - The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere.

Geographic shifts (n.) - Changes in the location of geographic features.

Arid (adj.) - Dry.

Predators (n.) - Animals that prey on other animals.

Unfavorable genetic changes (n.) - Harmful changes in the genetic material of an organism.

Dramatic increase (n.) - A large and sudden increase.