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TOEFL VOCABULARY FOR REAL TEST

TOEFL VOCABULARY FOR REAL TEST

  • Expedition: A journey undertaken for a particular purpose.
  • Principle: A fundamental truth or law.
  • Colonization: The establishment of a colony.
  • Commercial revolution: A significant change in trade and commerce.
  • Patterns: A regular and repeated way in which something happens.
  • Distant lands: Lands far away.
  • Settlements: Groups of people who live in a new place.
  • Heartland: The central or most important part of a country or region.
  • Military outposts: Small military bases.
  • Ethnic settlements: Groups of people from the same ethnic group living in a new place.
  • Contiguous territories: Lands that are next to each other.
  • Commercial consequence: A result of trade or commerce.
  • Urban center: A city or town.
  • Crafts: Skills or trades.
  • Privileged elite: A small group of people with special advantages.
  • Religious centers: Places of worship.
  • Royal or priestly leadership: Leaders of a kingdom or religious group.
  • Penetrated: Spread into or affected.
  • Privileges: Special rights or advantages.
  • Immemorial power and position: Power and position that has existed for a very long time.
  • Geographical accessibility: The ease of reaching a place.
  • Overtly: Openly or obviously.
  • Exerted a monopoly: Had exclusive control over something.
  • Prestige commodities: Goods that are highly valued or respected.
  • Redistribution: The distribution of something again in a different way.
  • Taxation: The act of imposing taxes.
  • Duties: Taxes on imported or exported goods.
  • Apparatus: A system or organization.
  • Metal coinage: Coins made from metal.
  • Legitimizations: The act of making something legitimate or acceptable.
  • Partially processed natural products: Natural products that have been changed or prepared but not yet finished.
  • Cotton textiles: Cloth made from cotton.
  • Naturally occurring materials: Materials that exist in nature without being made by humans.
  • Gems: Precious stones.
  • Enacted: Passed into law.
  • Navigation Acts: Laws regulating trade between Britain and its colonies.
  • Molasses: A thick liquid made from sugarcane.
  • Protective tariff: A tax on imported goods to protect domestic industries.
  • Imperial trade: Trade between a colonial empire and its colonies.
  • Defined as: Described or characterized as.
  • Merchants: People who buy and sell goods.
  • Merchant marine: A country's fleet of merchant ships.
  • Self-sufficient: Able to produce everything needed without relying on others.
  • Enumerated goods: Goods listed in a specific list.
  • Indigo: A plant used to make a blue dye.
  • Naval supplies: Supplies needed for ships.
  • Concessions: Things given up or granted.
  • Monopolies: Exclusive control over the production or sale of a product.
  • Customs officials: Government officials who collect taxes on imported and exported goods.
  • Incentives: Something that encourages people to do something.
  • Hemp: A plant used to make rope and other products.
  • Prohibited: Forbade or prevented.
  • Tailors: People who make or repair clothes.
  • Undersold: Sold at a lower price than competitors.
  • Ironworks: Places where iron is made.
  • Consumer goods: Goods bought by consumers for their own use.

  • Barred: Prevented or prohibited.
  • Sugarcane: A plant used to make sugar.
  • Rum: A type of alcoholic drink made from molasses.
  • Protective tariff: A tax on imported goods to protect domestic industries.
  • Self-sufficient: Able to produce everything needed without relying on others.
  • Monopolies: Exclusive control over the production or sale of a product.
  • Foremost: Most important or leading.
  • Centralized docks: Docks located in a central location.
  • Emerged: Became known or apparent.
  • Burdens: Problems or difficulties.
  • Natural monopoly: A monopoly that exists naturally due to market conditions.
  • Customs duties: Taxes on imported or exported goods.
  • Refunded: Paid back.
  • Economic diversification: The development of a variety of economic activities.
  • Silk: A cloth made from threads produced by silkworms.
  • Undersold: Sold at a lower price than competitors.
  • Ironworks: Places where iron is made.
  • Dishware: Dishes and other items used for eating.
  • Readily adaptable: Easily adjusted or changed to fit new conditions.
  • Spurring marvels of productivity: Greatly increasing the amount of goods produced.
  • Absorb: Consume or take in.
  • Trailblazers: Pioneers or those who create new ideas or methods.
  • Component: A part or element of something.
  • Emergence: The beginning or appearance of something new.
  • Graded: Sorted according to size or quality.
  • Hulled: Removed the outer husk from a grain.
  • Excess: An amount that is more than what is needed.
  • Guarantees: Promises that something will be of a certain quality.
  • Slogans: Short, catchy phrases used in advertising.
  • Overly precise: Excessively exact or detailed.
  • Improbable: Unlikely to happen.
  • Visual medium: A way of communication that uses images.
  • Democratized: Made available to everyone.
  • Industrial leaders: People who are successful and influential in industry.
  • Mass production: The manufacture of large quantities of identical items.
  • Consumer goods: Goods bought by consumers for their own use.
  • Trailblazers: Pioneers or those who create new ideas or methods (previously used).
  • Component: A part or element of something (previously used).
  • Marketing techniques: Strategies used to sell products or services.
  • Strategies: Plans of action designed to achieve a particular goal.
  • Unforgiving economic environment: A harsh and competitive economic situation.
  • Ruined fortunes: Great financial losses.
  • Bankrupted companies: Businesses that have gone out of business because they have no money left.
  • Subsistence wages: Wages that are only enough for people to survive on.
  • Expendable: Not needed or easily replaceable.
  • Pollution: The harmful contamination of the environment.
  • Relentless: Insisting on continuing without stopping.
  • Social benefits: Advantages or improvements that affect society as a whole.
  • Labor-saving products: Products that make work easier or faster.
  • Advances: Improvements or progress made in a particular field.
  • Post-Civil War: After the American Civil War (1861-1865).
  • Flour mills: Factories that grind wheat into flour.
  • Cake flours: Flours made specifically for baking cakes.
  • Breakfast cereals: Grain-based food that is typically eaten with milk for breakfast.
  • Fragile: Easily broken or damaged.
  • Bulk: Large size or amount.
  • Catchy: Likely to be remembered or noticed.
  • Inextricably interconnected: So closely linked or related that they cannot be separated.
  • Triggered: Caused or initiated.
  • Ecosystems: Communities of living organisms (plants, animals, and other microbes) together with the nonliving environment (water, air, rocks, mineral soil) interacting as a system.
  • Subtle: Difficult to notice or detect.
  • Vegetation: Plants growing in a particular area.
  • Sparked: Caused or ignited.
  • Chain: A series of connected things.
  • Effects: Results or consequences.
  • Latitudes: Imaginary lines on the Earth's surface, parallel to the equator, used to measure north-south position.
  • Paved the way: Made something easier to happen.
  • Spike: A sudden sharp increase.
  • Global temperatures: The average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.
  • Climate change: Long-term shifts in temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.
  • Ecosystem shifts: Changes in the composition and interactions of living organisms in an ecosystem.
  • Northern latitudes: The regions of the Earth farthest north of the equator.
  • Spruce bark beetles: Small insects that feed on the inner bark of spruce trees.
  • Pest: An animal or plant that damages or annoys humans or their crops.
  • Held in check: Controlled or limited.
  • Warm season: The time of year when temperatures are typically high.
  • Burrow: To dig a hole in the ground to live in.
  • Drought: A long period of time without rain.
  • Vulnerable: Susceptible to attack or damage.
  • Exploded: Increased rapidly and dramatically.
  • Epidemics: Widespread outbreaks of a disease that affects many individuals at the same time.
  • Swaths: Large areas or amounts of something.
  • Mycorrhizal fungi: Fungi that form a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with the roots of plants.
  • Nutrients: Substances that are necessary for the growth and survival of living organisms.
  • Predators: Animals that hunt and kill other animals for food.
  • Disturbances: Events that disrupt the balance of an ecosystem.
  • Pest outbreaks: Rapid increases in the population of a pest.
  • Bounce back: Recover from a setback or damage.
  • Transition: Change from one state to another.
  • Dead zones: Areas in oceans or lakes with very low oxygen levels that cannot support most marine life.
  • Coral reefs: Underwater ecosystems made up of the hard skeletons of coral polyps.
  • Prediction: A statement made about what will happen in the future.
  • Magnitude: The measure of the strength of an earthquake.
  • Recurrence interval: The average time between earthquakes of a specific magnitude.
  • Long-term forecasting: Predicting earthquakes over a long period.
  • Precursor: A sign or warning that something is about to happen.
  • Seismic wave: A wave of energy that travels through the earth.
  • Electrical resistance: The ability of a material to oppose the flow of electric current.
  • Foreshock: A small earthquake that precedes a larger one.
  • Deformation: The changing of shape or form.
  • Land surface: The top layer of the earth.
  • Dilatancy model: A theory that explains changes in rocks before an earthquake.
  • Strain: The deformation of a material caused by stress.
  • Rupture: The breaking or tearing of a material.
  • Microcrack: A tiny crack in a material.
  • Mineral grain: A small particle of a mineral.
  • Grain boundary: The boundary between two mineral grains.
  • Groundwater: Water that is underground.
  • Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
  • Seismic-wave velocity: The speed at which a seismic wave travels.
  • Land-surface elevation: The height of the land surface above sea level.
  • Palmdale Bulge: A region of uplift along the San Andreas Fault.
  • Radon gas: A radioactive gas.
  • Chemical composition: The elements and compounds that make up a substance.
  • Public advisory: A warning or announcement issued to the public.
  • Refinement: The process of improving something.
  • Predictive capabilities: The ability to predict something.
  • Fertilizers: Substances added to soil to provide nutrients for plants.
  • Partially restore: To bring back part of something that has been lost.
  • Plant nutrients: Elements or compounds needed by plants for growth.
  • Erosion: The gradual wearing away of something by wind, water, or ice.
  • Crop harvesting: The process of gathering crops from the fields.
  • Leaching: The process by which soluble materials are dissolved and washed away from soil.
  • Organic fertilizer: Fertilizer derived from plant and animal materials.
  • Commercial inorganic fertilizer: Fertilizer produced from various minerals and manufactured for sale.
  • Animal manure: The waste matter of cattle, horses, poultry, and other farm animals.
  • Soil structure: The physical arrangement of particles in soil.
  • Beneficial soil bacteria and fungi: Microscopic organisms in soil that help decompose organic matter and improve soil health.
  • Effectiveness: The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result.
  • Mixed animal-raising and crop-farming operations: Farms that raise animals and grow crops on the same land.
  • Feedlots: Large enclosures where animals are raised for fattening before slaughter.
  • Motorized farm machinery: Machines powered by engines that are used for farming.
  • Green manure: Fresh or growing green vegetation plowed into the soil to improve its fertility.
  • Humus: Degraded organic matter in soil that is dark-colored and rich in nutrients.
  • Compost: A sweet-smelling, dark-brown, humuslike material produced by the decomposition of organic matter.
  • Microorganisms: Microscopic organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • Aerobic bacteria: Bacteria that require oxygen to live.
  • Soil conditioner: A substance added to soil to improve its physical properties.
  • Aerates soil: Increases the amount of air in the soil.
  • Water retention: The ability of soil to hold water.
  • Nutrient leaching: The loss of nutrients from soil due to water movement.
  • Landfills: Sites where waste is dumped and buried.
  • Nitrogen-rich wastes: Organic materials that contain a high amount of nitrogen.
  • Carbon-rich plant wastes: Plant materials that contain a high amount of carbon.
  • Topsoil: The upper layer of soil.
  • Mycorrhizae fungi: Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.
  • Spores: Reproductive units of fungi and some other plants.
  • Deplete: To reduce the supply of something.
  • Crop rotation: The practice of planting different crops in the same area over a sequence of seasons.
  • Legumes: Plants that have seed pods containing one or more seeds.
  • Root nodules: Swellings on the roots of legumes that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
  • Inorganic fertilizers: Fertilizers that are not derived from living organisms.
  • Ammonium ions: Positively charged ions containing nitrogen and hydrogen.
  • Nitrate ions: Positively charged ions containing nitrogen and oxygen.
  • Urea: A compound containing nitrogen that is used as a fertilizer.
  • Phosphate ions: Negatively charged ions containing phosphorus and oxygen.
  • Potassium ions: Positively charged ions containing potassium.
  • Global warming: The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans.
  • Water pollution: The contamination of water bodies by harmful substances.
  • Nitrate fertilizer nutrients: Nitrogen-containing compounds in fertilizers that can contribute to water pollution.
  • Phosphate fertilizer nutrients: Phosphorus-containing compounds in fertilizers that can contribute to water pollution.
  • Algae blooms: Rapid growth of algae in a body of water.
  • Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen that is present in water in a dissolved state.

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